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newguy
Joined: 24 Jun 2004
Posts: 1909
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 Posted: Tue Jul 31, 2018 7:29 am |
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| Code: | void OLED_data(unsigned int8 * data, unsigned int8 number)
//send 'number' bytes of data to display - from RAM
{
unsigned int8 ctr; // add "unsigned" here!!!! |
Add "unsigned" to the declaration of ctr in the OLED_data() function as above. It will then work.
The reason it doesn't work now is because all variables are signed by default in the PCD (16 bit PIC) compiler. |
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Manu59114
Joined: 22 Jan 2018
Posts: 34
Location: North of France
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| Posted: Tue Jul 31, 2018 2:37 pm |
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Thaaaannnnnnkkkksssssss Newguy!!!!!!!!! to open my eyes!!!!
It's working perfectly!!!
Of course, it's wrote in the manual!!!!
From the CCS Manual page 39:
| Quote: | Note: All types, default are unsigned. [PCD] All types, except float char, by default are
signed. However, may be preceded by unsigned or signed (Except int64 may only be
signed) . Short and long may have the keyword INT following them with no effect. Also
see #TYPE to change the default size. |
Sorry, I'm new with Pic33 and PCD.
Very important to use signed or unsigned on all variables we declare.
FYI, I chose to use a dsPIC33 because i needed for my application 4 UARTs and 2 CANs.
Thanks again Newguy!!
To Ttelmah (Thanks Ttelmah), thanks to modify your SSD1306 code Library on the top of the post.
Wish you a great day.
Manu from France!
_________________
CCS + ICD3 + PIC18F46K80 |
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newguy
Joined: 24 Jun 2004
Posts: 1909
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| Posted: Tue Jul 31, 2018 6:17 pm |
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de rien
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Ttelmah
Joined: 11 Mar 2010
Posts: 19539
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| Posted: Wed Aug 01, 2018 12:38 am |
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I was just coming back this morning to post this.
There is another reason, which is simply that the OLED_data function was just designed to send data that would be part of a character, so was never designed with even the remotest 'thought' that somebody would be loading whole lines of data!....
Glad you have it working now. 
I've updated the posted driver with unsigned added to ensure nobody else has this problem. |
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Manu59114
Joined: 22 Jan 2018
Posts: 34
Location: North of France
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| Posted: Wed Aug 01, 2018 8:05 am |
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Hi All,
FYI
One day, I bought a lot of Oled displays on EBay with different screen sizes.
0.49" - 64x32 -Driver SSD1306
0.66" - 64x48 - Driver SSD1306
0.96" - 128x64 - Driver SSD1306
1.3" - 128x64 - Driver SSH1306
and i added these lines on the Ttelmah code:
| Code: |
void OLED_address(unsigned int8 x, unsigned int8 y)
{
//routine to move the memory pointers to x,y.
//x is 0 to 127 (column), y (row) is 0 to 7 (page only)
#ifdef SH1106 // 1.3" OLED DISPLAY // Need 1024 bytes size array for full screen Logo
x+=2; // Add 2 column offset
#endif
#ifdef OLED_64x32 //0.49" SSD1306 OLED DISPLAY // Need 256 bytes size array for full screen Logo
x+= 0x20; // Add 20 column offset
y+= 0x04; // Add 4 row offset
#endif
#ifdef OLED_64x48 //0.66" SSD1306 OLED DISPLAY // Need 384 bytes size array for full screen Logo
x+= 0x20; // Add 20 column offset
y+= 0x02; // Add 2 row offset
#endif
i2c_start();
i2c_write (SSDADDR); //select the display
i2c_write(COMMAND_ONLY); //we are sending command(s)
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and in the MAIN.C
| Code: |
//If you want to use the SH1106 (1.3"), add this #define
//#define SH1106
// OR
//If you want to use the 64x32 - 0.49" OLED Display, add this #define
//#define OLED_64x32
// OR
//If you want to use the 64x48 - 0.66" OLED Display, add this #define
#define OLED_64x48
|
With these case, the OLED_gotoxy(x,y) function is correct.
Tested and approved... by me
Wish you a great day
Manu
_________________
CCS + ICD3 + PIC18F46K80 |
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Ttelmah
Joined: 11 Mar 2010
Posts: 19539
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| Posted: Tue Aug 14, 2018 7:25 am |
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| Well done, with the existing SSD1306, 1106, and 1309, it makes it cover an enormous number of displays!... |
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PrinceNai
Joined: 31 Oct 2016
Posts: 480
Location: Montenegro
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| Posted: Sat Feb 16, 2019 4:06 am |
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Great work with this driver.
There is a small typo in the code at the top of the thread:
| Code: |
//Change here to allow multiple fonts
//This routine can be used by multiple output routines
#ifdef PSV
void FONT_line(byte * font_data, unsigned int8 count)
#else
void FONT_line(ROM byte * font_data, unsigned nt8 count)
#endif
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an "i" fell out on the second void FONT_line, should be int8 not nt8.
Otherwise works as a charm.
Thanks. |
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cbarberis
Joined: 01 Oct 2003
Posts: 172
Location: Punta Gorda, Florida USA
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| Posted: Mon Feb 25, 2019 1:11 pm |
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I found this code from Ttelmah to be excellent....LOVE IT!
Unfortunately I did not have one of these I2C modules but I did have a 1.3" blue OLED that has the SH1106 controller which was set-up for SPI mode, supposedly it shows a jumper with a resistor that you can select to change from SPI to I2C but unfortunately that never worked and when I called the vendor he just told me that this module ONLY worked on SPI and cannot be modified. This is one of those cheap modules for $9.00 you can get from Amazon, but when you get them working they are great little displays. So basically I just took Ttelmah's code and modified a couple of files so I can run it using the SPI mode. So I have changed and re-named the original "mainssdtext.c" to "mainssdtext_spi.c" and "SSD1306.h" to "SSD1306-RR_spi.h" I used the PIC24 that comes with the new Explorer 16/32 board from Microchip to test this hardware, but of course you can change the platform to whatever you want. The display works beautifully, very nice Ttelmah did a nice job with this code. The only thing about these SPI modules (at least with the one I got) there is a RST pin and you need to tie that pin high or it will NOT work.
The following is the modified code.
| Code: | /*#include <18F13K22.h>
#fuses INTRC_IO, PLLEN, NOXINST, NOMCLR, NOLVP, STVREN, PCLKEN, NOFCMEN
#fuses NOIESO, NOPUT, BORV22, NODEBUG, NOPROTECT, NOWDT, WDT512
#fuses HFOFST, NOCPD, NOCPB, NOWRTD, NOWRTC, NOWRTB
#USE DELAY(INTERNAL=32MHz) */
#include <24FJ1024GA610.h> // For new Explorer 16/32 board
//#device ICD=TRUE
#device ICSP=1
#device adc = 12;
#device PSV=16 ///make sure to include this if using PCD compiler or it will not work
#pin_select SCK1OUT=PIN_G6
#pin_select SDI1=PIN_G7
#pin_select SDO1=PIN_G8
#use delay(crystal= 8.00MHz, clock = 32000000,restart_wdt)
#FUSES NOWDT //No Watch Dog Timer
#FUSES CKSFSM //Clock Switching is enabled, fail Safe clock monitor is enabled
#FUSES NOBROWNOUT //No brownout reset
#FUSES NOJTAG //JTAG disabled
//#use i2c(MASTER, FAST=400000, SCL=PIN_G2, SDA=PIN_G3, FORCE_HW)
#use spi(MASTER, SPI1, MODE=0, BITS=8, ENABLE= PIN_G9,BAUD=20000,FORCE_HW, stream=oled)
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Make sure to keep the RST pin on SPI modules tied high to Vdd or it will NOT run //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//display dimensions - the physical LCD
#define S_LCDWIDTH 128
#define S_LCDHEIGHT 64
//If you want to use the SH1106, add this #define otherwise comment out
#define SH1106
#define PSV
#define TEXT_ONLY //If this is defined, gives a smaller text driver only
//#define SSDADDR 0x78 //address for the chip - usually 0x7C or 0x78. //Only for I2C
#include <string.h>
#include "ssd1306-RR_spi.h" //The OLED driver
#include <24FJ1024GA610_registers.h>
void Init(void) {
TRISA.TRISA14 = 0;
TRISA.TRISA15 =1;
TRISB.TRISB0 =1;
TRISB.TRISB5 =1;
TRISE.TRISE8 =0;
TRISG.TRISG2 = 0;
TRISG.TRISG3 = 0;
TRISG.TRISG9 = 0;
TRISG.TRISG6 = 0;
TRISG.TRISG7 = 1;
TRISG.TRISG8 = 0;
output_high(PIN_G9);
// output_low(PIN_E0);
// output_low(PIN_E1);
// output_low(PIN_E2);
// output_low(PIN_E3);
setup_adc_ports(sAN5 | VSS_VREF );
setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_DIV_32 );
set_adc_channel(5);
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// NORMAL is the small 6X8 font which allows you a 8 X 21 character display
// LARGE is the 2X larger font which allows you a 4 X 10 character display
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void main()
{
int8 ctr;
char text[22]; //temporary text buffer was 9 before
float volts;
unsigned int AdcCounts;
#define VFACTOR 0.0008
#define VOLTAGEBAR 0.0247
Init();
delay_ms(250); //OLED takes time to wake
//now try to initialise OLED
OLED_commands(init_sequence,sizeof(init_sequence)); //initialise the OLED
//Now try some text
set=TRUE;
size=NORMAL;
OLED_CLS(); //clear the physical screen
OLED_gotoxy(0,0);
strcpy(text,"Hello World");
OLED_text(text,strlen(text)); //This is the fastest way to write text
delay_ms(2000); //pause for two seconds
OLED_gotoxy(0,4);
size=LARGE;
OLED_text(text,6); //try some large text OLED_text(text,strlen(text)); //try some large text
delay_ms(2000);
//Now the printf mode
size=LARGE;
//now testing putc
printf(OLED_putc,"\f12345\n\r67890\n\r");
//Note how the line feed moves down by the large line when in
//large mode
delay_ms(2000);
//Now printf in normal mode to the same screen
size=NORMAL;
printf(OLED_putc,"ABCDEFGHI");
delay_ms(2000); //delay again so you can see what it has done
//Now mixed size with a bar graph
size=LARGE;
printf(OLED_putc,"\fV=");
for (ctr=0;ctr<101;ctr++)
{
size=NORMAL;
OLED_gotoxy(4,1);
printf(OLED_putc,"%3d ",ctr);
OLED_gotoxy(1,3);
size=LARGE;
OLED_textbar(ctr);
delay_ms(250); //So you can see what is displayed!...
}
delay_ms(2500);
OLED_CLS(); //clear the physical screen
size=NORMAL;
OLED_gotoxy(0,0);
while(TRUE) {
AdcCounts = read_adc();
ctr = (int8)(VOLTAGEBAR * AdcCounts); //scale ADC counts so we have a bar from 0 to 101
volts = (float)(AdcCounts * VFACTOR);
size=NORMAL;
OLED_gotoxy(0,0);
printf(OLED_putc,"Volts = %f ", volts);
OLED_gotoxy(0,2);
printf(OLED_putc,"ADC counts = %lu ", AdcCounts);
OLED_gotoxy(1,4);
size=LARGE;
OLED_textbar(ctr);
size=NORMAL;
OLED_gotoxy(0,7);
printf(OLED_putc,"And life goes on....");
delay_ms(500); }
}
|
then the modified header file
| Code: | /*
Now the big limitation.....
In serial modes (SPI/I2C), this chip provides no ability to read back it's RAM.
So we have a problem. If we want to write a line across the screen, and leave
another line that is already there 'undestroyed' where they cross, how can we
'know' the other line is there?. Basically the host chip needs to have a copy
of the display memory so it can hold a copy of any graphics and know what is
going on. Problem is that this is just not possible, on a PIC with limited RAM.
So this driver works by overwriting for all text writes....
But see further down for the 'exception' to this.
*/
//It is most efficiently used by preparing the whole line of text first
//and then sending this - it then uses a 'burst' transmission, to give very
//fast updates. It does offer a 'putc' though, but this is slower.
//It does not properly handle wrapping at the end of the line.
//The putc function adds support for \n, \r, and \f.
//Functions:
// OLED_CLS(); //clears the screen
// OLED_gotoxy(x, y); //goto column/row 0-20 for the column
// //0-7 for the row
// OLED_text(*text, number);
// //This sends 'number' bytes from the array
// //pointed to by 'text', to the display
// OLED_putc(c); //sends 'c' to the display. Beware though
// //if you go beyond the end of the line
// //- you'll get partial characters....
// OLED_textbar(width); //Displays a bargraph. With width=50
// //you get a 50:50 display of bar/void.
//Two global variables affect how things are displayed.
// size=NORMAL;
// size=LARGE; //switches between showing 21*8 & 10*4
// size=DOUBLE_HEIGHT //Gives 21*4 - great for the bargraph
// set=TRUE; //default. Pixels are 'set' when written, so
// //turn on.
// set=FALSE; //all write functions now invert.
//The CLS will now set the screen white. Text characters print in black
//Then the second part of the driver is a 'window' driver. With this you can
//define a small graphic 'window', and draw things into this. This can then be
//rapidly copied to the display. So you could (for instance), plot a tiny graph,
//end then draw this on the display.
//The window must be a multiple of 8 pixels high, and can only be placed
//at a 'text' location, so you can't put it (say) 12 pixels down the screen,
//but only 8, 16, 24 etc..
//The size of the window determines how much RAM is used. So a 64*16 window
//uses 128 bytes of RAM (64*16/8).
//Neat thing is though, that you can draw an image on the window, put this on
//the screen, and then draw a second image, and put this somewhere else,
//without using any more memory. At the moment, I have only implemented two
//functions to draw to this window.
//If you don't want the graphic ability, if you #define TEXT_ONLY, then only
//the text mode driver will be loaded.
//With the graphic driver being used, the following extra functions are
//available:
// clear_window(); //clears all pixels 'black' (if set==TRUE), or white.
// set_pixel(x, y); //sets a pixel at x,y in the window.
// //x=0 to WINDOW_WIDTH-1 (left to right)
// //y=0 to WINDOW_HEIGHT-1 (top to bottom)
// line(x1, y1, x2, y2); //draws a line from x1,y1 to x2, y2
// rect(x1, y1, x2, y2); //draws a rectangle
// circle(x, y, radius, fill); //draws a circle
// //This draws a circle of radius 'radius' centred at x,y. If 'fill' is
// //true this is filled....
//
// draw_window(x, int8 y); //This draws the window onto the screen at
// //x=0 to 128, y=0 to 7.
//What you do is simply draw the shape you want into the window, and then
//this can be drawn onto the screen.
//I have not included font drawing, since this takes a lot more space....
//'set' again controls whether a pen, or eraser is used. So (for example), if you
//wanted a 'thick' circle, you could either draw several using the pen,
//without 'fill' enabled, or could draw one with fill, then change set to
//false, and draw a smaller one, to give a thick ring.
#define COMMAND_ONLY output_low(PIN_E8) //next byte is a command only
#define DATA_ONLY output_high(PIN_E8) //next byte is data
//#define CS0 output_low(PIN_G9)
//#define CS1 output_high(PIN_G9)
//directly from the data sheet - commands - not all used
#define S_EXTERNALVCC 0x1
#define S_SWITCHCAPVCC 0x2
#define S_SETLOWCOLUMN 0x00
#define S_SETHIGHCOLUMN 0x10
#define S_MEMORYMODE 0x20
#define S_COLUMNADDR 0x21
#define S_PAGEADDR 0x22
#define S_SETSTARTLINE 0x40
#define S_ROWADDRESS 0xB0
#define S_SETCONTRAST 0x81
#define S_CHARGEPUMP 0x8D
#define S_SEGREMAP 0xA0
#define S_DISPLAYALLON_RESUME 0xA4
#define S_DISPLAYALLON 0xA5
#define S_NORMALDISPLAY 0xA6
#define S_INVERTDISPLAY 0xA7
#define S_SETMULTIPLEX 0xA8
#define S_DISPLAYOFF 0xAE
#define S_DISPLAYON 0xAF
#define S_COMSCANINC 0xC0
#define S_COMSCANDEC 0xC8
#define S_SETDISPLAYOFFSET 0xD3
#define S_SETCOMPINS 0xDA
#define S_SETVCOMDETECT 0xDB
#define S_SETDISPLAYCLOCKDIV 0xD5
#define S_SETPRECHARGE 0xD9
#define DIV_RATIO 0x80 //recommended ratio
#define MULTIPLEX 0x3F //and multiplex
#define INT_VCC 0x14
//Font 6*8 - slightly clearer than most fonts this size.
ROM BYTE font[] =
{
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char
0x00, 0x00, 0xBE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char !
0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, // Code for char "
0x50, 0xF8, 0x50, 0xF8, 0x50, 0x00, // Code for char #
0x48, 0x54, 0xFE, 0x54, 0x24, 0x00, // Code for char $
0x98, 0x58, 0x20, 0xD0, 0xC8, 0x00, // Code for char %
0x60, 0x9C, 0xAA, 0x44, 0x80, 0x00, // Code for char &
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char '
0x00, 0x38, 0x44, 0x82, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char (
0x00, 0x82, 0x44, 0x38, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char )
0x02, 0x06, 0x03, 0x06, 0x02, 0x00, // Code for char *
0x10, 0x10, 0x7C, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, // Code for char +
0xA0, 0x60, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char ,
0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, // Code for char -
0xC0, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char .
0x80, 0x40, 0x20, 0x10, 0x08, 0x00, // Code for char /
0x7C, 0xA2, 0x92, 0x8A, 0x7C, 0x00, // Code for char 0
0x00, 0x84, 0xFE, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char 1
0xC4, 0xA2, 0x92, 0x92, 0x8C, 0x00, // Code for char 2
0x44, 0x82, 0x92, 0x92, 0x6C, 0x00, // Code for char 3
0x18, 0x14, 0x12, 0xFE, 0x10, 0x00, // Code for char 4
0x9E, 0x92, 0x92, 0x92, 0x62, 0x00, // Code for char 5
0x7C, 0x92, 0x92, 0x92, 0x64, 0x00, // Code for char 6
0x06, 0x02, 0xE2, 0x12, 0x0E, 0x00, // Code for char 7
0x6C, 0x92, 0x92, 0x92, 0x6C, 0x00, // Code for char 8
0x4C, 0x92, 0x92, 0x92, 0x7C, 0x00, // Code for char 9
0xCC, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char :
0xAC, 0x6C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char ;
0x00, 0x10, 0x28, 0x44, 0x82, 0x00, // Code for char <
0x48, 0x48, 0x48, 0x48, 0x48, 0x00, // Code for char =
0x00, 0x82, 0x44, 0x28, 0x10, 0x00, // Code for char >
0x04, 0x02, 0xB2, 0x12, 0x0C, 0x00, // Code for char ?
0x7C, 0x82, 0xBA, 0xAA, 0xBC, 0x00, // Code for char @
0xF8, 0x14, 0x12, 0x14, 0xF8, 0x00, // Code for char A
0xFE, 0x92, 0x92, 0x92, 0x6C, 0x00, // Code for char B
0x7C, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0x44, 0x00, // Code for char C
0xFE, 0x82, 0x82, 0x44, 0x38, 0x00, // Code for char D
0xFE, 0x92, 0x92, 0x82, 0x82, 0x00, // Code for char E
0xFE, 0x12, 0x12, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, // Code for char F
0x7C, 0x82, 0x92, 0x92, 0xF4, 0x00, // Code for char G
0xFE, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0xFE, 0x00, // Code for char H
0x00, 0x82, 0xFE, 0x82, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char I
0x60, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x7E, 0x00, // Code for char J
0xFE, 0x10, 0x18, 0x24, 0xC2, 0x00, // Code for char K
0xFE, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00, // Code for char L
0xFE, 0x04, 0x38, 0x04, 0xFE, 0x00, // Code for char M
0xFE, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0xFE, 0x00, // Code for char N
0x7C, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0x7C, 0x00, // Code for char O
0xFE, 0x12, 0x12, 0x12, 0x0C, 0x00, // Code for char P
0x7C, 0x82, 0xA2, 0xC2, 0xFC, 0x00, // Code for char Q
0xFE, 0x12, 0x12, 0x12, 0xEC, 0x00, // Code for char R
0x4C, 0x92, 0x92, 0x92, 0x64, 0x00, // Code for char S
0x02, 0x02, 0xFE, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, // Code for char T
0x7E, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x7E, 0x00, // Code for char U
0x3E, 0x40, 0x80, 0x40, 0x3E, 0x00, // Code for char V
0xFE, 0x80, 0x70, 0x80, 0xFE, 0x00, // Code for char W
0xC6, 0x28, 0x10, 0x28, 0xC6, 0x00, // Code for char X
0x06, 0x08, 0xF0, 0x08, 0x06, 0x00, // Code for char Y
0xC2, 0xA2, 0x92, 0x8A, 0x86, 0x00, // Code for char Z
0x00, 0xFE, 0x82, 0x82, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char [
0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x00, // Code for char BackSlash
0x00, 0x82, 0x82, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char ]
0x00, 0x08, 0x04, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, // Code for char ^
0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00, // Code for char _
0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char `
0x40, 0xA8, 0xA8, 0xA8, 0xF0, 0x00, // Code for char a
0xFE, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x70, 0x00, // Code for char b
0x70, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x10, 0x00, // Code for char c
0x70, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0xFE, 0x00, // Code for char d
0x70, 0xA8, 0xA8, 0xA8, 0x30, 0x00, // Code for char e
0x10, 0xFC, 0x12, 0x12, 0x04, 0x00, // Code for char f
0x90, 0xA8, 0xA8, 0xA8, 0x70, 0x00, // Code for char g
0xFE, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0xE0, 0x00, // Code for char h
0x00, 0x90, 0xF4, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char i
0x40, 0x80, 0x80, 0x90, 0x74, 0x00, // Code for char j
0xFE, 0x20, 0x50, 0x88, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char k
0x7E, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char l
0xF8, 0x08, 0x70, 0x08, 0xF0, 0x00, // Code for char m
0xF8, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0xF0, 0x00, // Code for char n
0x70, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x70, 0x00, // Code for char o
0xF8, 0x28, 0x28, 0x28, 0x10, 0x00, // Code for char p
0x10, 0x28, 0x28, 0xF8, 0x80, 0x00, // Code for char q
0xF8, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x10, 0x00, // Code for char r
0x90, 0xA8, 0xA8, 0xA8, 0x48, 0x00, // Code for char s
0x08, 0x08, 0xFE, 0x88, 0x88, 0x00, // Code for char t
0x78, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0xF8, 0x00, // Code for char u
0x38, 0x40, 0x80, 0x40, 0x38, 0x00, // Code for char v
0xF8, 0x80, 0x70, 0x80, 0xF8, 0x00, // Code for char w
0x88, 0x50, 0x20, 0x50, 0x88, 0x00, // Code for char x
0x18, 0xA0, 0xA0, 0xA0, 0x78, 0x00, // Code for char y
0x88, 0xC8, 0xA8, 0x98, 0x88, 0x00, // Code for char z
0x00, 0x10, 0x6C, 0x82, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char {
0x00, 0x00, 0xFE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char |
0x00, 0x82, 0x6C, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char }
0x00, 0x08, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x08, // Code for char ~
0x7C, 0x7C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // Code for char
//Characters 32 to 127
//The next eleven characters are above 127, and give the shapes used for
//the bar graph capability - remove if not needed
0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, //top and bottom bars only 128
0xFE, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, //Open for bar 129
0xFE, 0xFE, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, //second bar
0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82,
0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0x82, 0x82,
0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0x82,
0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE,
//Full block for bar 134
0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0xFE, 0xFE, //final one cloing shape 135
0xFE, 0x82, 0x82, 0x82, 0xFE, 0xFE, //single left and double right
0xFE, 0xFE, 0x82, 0x82, 0xFE, 0xFE,
0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0x82, 0xFE, 0xFE,
0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE,
0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE //New closing point for 0..100
//final one closing shape 140
};
//Character 140
ROM BYTE init_sequence[] = S_DISPLAYOFF,
S_SETDISPLAYCLOCKDIV,
DIV_RATIO,
S_SETMULTIPLEX,
MULTIPLEX,
S_SETDISPLAYOFFSET,
0, // no offset
S_SETSTARTLINE,
S_CHARGEPUMP,
INT_VCC, // using internal VCC
S_MEMORYMODE, //Since byte is vertical writing column by column
0, // default horizontal addressing
(S_SEGREMAP | 0x1), // rotate screen 180
S_COMSCANDEC,
S_SETCOMPINS,
0x12,
S_SETCONTRAST,
0xEF, //experiment.... 0xCf for 1306
S_SETPRECHARGE,
0xF1,
S_SETVCOMDETECT,
0x40,
S_DISPLAYALLON_RESUME,
S_NORMALDISPLAY,
S_DISPLAYON; //switch on OLED
//Initilalisation sequence
#define NORMAL 0
#define DOUBLE_HEIGHT 1
#define DOUBLE_WIDTH 2
#define LARGE DOUBLE_HEIGHT+DOUBLE_WIDTH
unsigned int8 O_current_col,O_current_row; //where text is currently 'working'
int8 size=NORMAL;
//Global flag for drawing mode
int1 set=TRUE; //allow funstions to set or reset - inverts drawing functions
#ifndef TEXT_ONLY
unsigned int8 window_buffer[WINDOW_WIDTH*WINDOW_HEIGHT/8];
//so with the example given, 128 bytes of RAM - much more practical on small chips!...
//This is the 'graphic window' buffer, so not needed for text only
#endif
#ifdef PSV
void OLED_commands(byte * commands, unsigned int8 number)
#else
void OLED_commands(rom byte* commands, unsigned int8 number)
#endif
//send a multiple command, or commands to the display - number says how many
//from a ROM buffer
{
int8 ctr; //counter for the transmission
//i2c_start ();
// i2c_write (SSDADDR); //select the display
COMMAND_ONLY; //we are sending a command
// CS0;
for (ctr=0;ctr<number;ctr++)
{
spi_xfer(oled,commands[ctr]);
}
//CS1;
}
void OLED_data(unsigned int8 * data, unsigned int8 number)
//send 'number' bytes of data to display - from RAM
{
unsigned int8 ctr; //updated to allow 128bytes on PIC24/30 etc..
//i2c_start ();
//i2c_write (SSDADDR); //select the display
DATA_ONLY; //we are sending data(s)
// CS0;
for (ctr=0;ctr<number;ctr++)
spi_xfer(oled,data[ctr]); //i2c_write(data[ctr]); //send the byte(s)
//CS1;
}
void OLED_address(unsigned int8 x, unsigned int8 y)
{
//routine to move the memory pointers to x,y.
//x is 0 to 127 (column), y (row) is 0 to 7 (page only)
#ifdef SH1106
x+=2;
#endif
// i2c_start();
// i2c_write (SSDADDR); //select the display
COMMAND_ONLY; //we are sending command(s)
//CS0;
spi_xfer(oled,S_ROWADDRESS | y); ///i2c_write(S_ROWADDRESS | y); //select the display row
spi_xfer(oled,S_SETLOWCOLUMN | (x & 0x0F)); //low col address
spi_xfer(oled,(S_SETHIGHCOLUMN | ((x>>4) & 0x0F))); //high col address
//CS1;
} //also made more efficient
void OLED_gotoxy(unsigned int8 x, unsigned int8 y)
{
//text x,y position bases on 8 lines/character and 6 columsn
//0 to 20 columns, 0 to 7 rows
if (x>(S_LCDWIDTH/6)-1) return;
if (y>(S_LCDHEIGHT/8)-1) return;
O_current_col=x; //efficient *6
O_current_row=y;
OLED_address((unsigned int16)x*4+(unsigned int16)x*2,y); //position display
}
void OLED_CLS(void)
{
unsigned int8 row, col;
//Just fill the memory with zeros
for (row=0;row<S_LCDHEIGHT/8;row++)
{
OLED_address(0,row); //take the addresses back to 0,0 0,1 etc..
// i2c_start();
// i2c_write(SSDADDR); //select the display
DATA_ONLY; //we are sending data(s)
//CS0;
for (col=0;col<S_LCDWIDTH;col++)
{
if (set)
spi_xfer(oled,0); //send 1024 zeros
else
spi_xfer(oled,255); //or the inverse
}
// CS1;
}
OLED_gotoxy(0,0); //and text back to the top corner
}
//Macros to efficiently double bits from a nibble
#define DOUBLE_BIT(N, S, D) if (bit_test(S,N)) { bit_set(D,(N*2)); bit_set(D,(N*2)+1); }
#define DOUBLE_B_HIGH(N, S, D) if (bit_test(S,N+4)) { bit_set(D,(N*2)); bit_set(D,(N*2)+1); }
void invert(unsigned int8 * buffer, unsigned int8 number) //routine to invert
{//data when'set==FALSE'
do
{
*buffer^=0xFF;
buffer++;
} while(--number); //invert all the bits in the buffer
}
//Change here to allow multiple fonts
//This routine can be used by multiple output routines
#ifdef PSV
void FONT_line(byte * font_data, unsigned int8 count)
#else
void FONT_line(ROM byte * font_data, unsigned nt8 count)
#endif
{
//new function to transfer a line of data from the font table.
//designed to optimise the handling of double size fonts
//Sends one line of 'count' characters from the font to the display,
//with doubling of width if necessary. Maximum 12 chars.
unsigned int8 cols[24], ctr=0, width, inc_col, tchr, temp=0;
if (size & DOUBLE_WIDTH)
{
width=count*2;
inc_col=2;
}
else
{
width=count;
inc_col=1;
}
for (ctr=0;ctr<width;ctr+=inc_col) //for columns
{
cols[ctr]=0;
tchr=font_data[temp++]; //one byte of character from the font
if (size & DOUBLE_HEIGHT)
{
DOUBLE_BIT(0,tchr,cols[ctr])
DOUBLE_BIT(1,tchr,cols[ctr])
DOUBLE_BIT(2,tchr,cols[ctr])
DOUBLE_BIT(3,tchr,cols[ctr])
} //efficently double the bits from the low nibble
else
cols[ctr]=tchr;
if (size & DOUBLE_WIDTH)
cols[ctr+1]=cols[ctr]; //duplicate the byte
}
if (set==FALSE)
invert(cols,width);
OLED_data(cols,width);
//Now if doubling in height repeat usiong the other nibble
if (size & DOUBLE_HEIGHT)
{
temp=0; //back to the start of the font character
OLED_address((unsigned int16)O_current_col*4+O_current_col*2,O_current_row+1); //next row
for (ctr=0;ctr<width;ctr+=inc_col) //through the columns again
{
cols[ctr]=0;
tchr=font_data[temp++]; //one byte of character from the font
DOUBLE_B_HIGH(0,tchr,cols[ctr])
DOUBLE_B_HIGH(1,tchr,cols[ctr])
DOUBLE_B_HIGH(2,tchr,cols[ctr])
DOUBLE_B_HIGH(3,tchr,cols[ctr])
//efficently double the bits from the high nibble
if (size & DOUBLE_WIDTH)
cols[ctr+1]=cols[ctr]; //duplicate the byte if double_width
}
if (set==FALSE)
invert(cols,width);
//Now send the bytes for the second row
OLED_data(cols,width);
}
}
//Fastest text mode. No support for any control. Standard font only.
void OLED_text(unsigned int8 * text, unsigned int8 number)
{
unsigned int8 inc_col;
unsigned int16 temp;
//size allows double height & double width
//Here double height/width
//for this I have to do two transfers each of double the amount of data
//and reposition between each
if (size & DOUBLE_WIDTH)
{
inc_col=2;
}
else
{
inc_col=1;
}
do {
temp=(*text)-32;
if (temp>108)
temp=0; //block illegal characters
temp=((unsigned int16)temp*2)+((unsigned int16)temp*4); //efficient *6
FONT_line(&font[temp],6); //six characters from the font
//Now because I'll be in the wrong position (may be one line down)
//have to re-locate
O_current_col+=inc_col;
OLED_address((unsigned int16)O_current_col*4+O_current_col*2,O_current_row); //ready for next character
text++; //and select the next character
} while (--number); //and on to the next character
}
void OLED_putc(unsigned int8 chr)
{
//this is a putc wrapper for the text function - note much slower
//than sending the entire line directly
if (chr=='\f')
{
OLED_CLS(); //handle Clear screen (form feed)
return;
}
if (chr=='\r')
{
OLED_gotoxy(0,O_current_row); //carriage return
return;
}
if (chr=='\n')
{
if (size==NORMAL)
OLED_gotoxy(O_current_col,O_current_row+1);
else
OLED_gotoxy(O_current_col,O_current_row+2);
return;
}
OLED_text(&chr,1);
}
void OLED_textbar(unsigned int8 width)
{
//This draws a bar graph using text characters
int8 ctr;
unsigned int8 bar[9];
//graph is now 0 to 100.
//prints at current text location.
width/=2;
width+=2; //ensure >0 - g1ves 2 to 52
if (width>52)
width=52;
for (ctr=0;ctr<8;ctr++)
{
if (width>=6)
{
bar[ctr]=134; //full bar
width-=6;
}
else
{
bar[ctr]=128+width; //partial bars
width=0;
}
}
//now handle the right hand end of the bar
bar[8]=135+width;
OLED_text(bar,9);
}
//Now comes the 'exception' part to the driver
//Basic line & circle code writing to a small _window_ that can then
//be burst transmitted to the LED. Neat thing is that the same window
//can be used multiple times. So (for instance) you could write text on the
//left of the display, then have a 64*32 window. Draw something into this
//and display it at 64, 0 (text row) on the display, then draw something
//different (using the same window), and put this at 64, 4. The location
//the window is drawn has to be a byte boundary (so 0 to 7, for 0 to 63
//on the display.
//The sequence would be clear_window, line, circle etc.. Then draw_window(x,y)
//If you don't want to use the smace for this, then #define TEXT_ONLY at the start
//of the code
#ifndef TEXT_ONLY
void clear_window(void)
{
memset(window_buffer,(set)?0:255,WINDOW_WIDTH*WINDOW_HEIGHT/8); //clear the buffer
}
//Basic pixel routine
#inline
void set_pixel(unsigned int8 x, unsigned int8 y)
{
unsigned int16 locn; //This can be int8, if buffer is restricted to max 256 bytes
//potentially slightly faster. However 1616 is 'generic'.
if (x>=WINDOW_WIDTH) return;
if (y>=WINDOW_HEIGHT) return; //Limit check - ensures I do not try to write
//outside buffer boundaries
locn=((y/8)*WINDOW_WIDTH)+x; //location in buffer
//handle setting or resetting the pixel according to flag 'set'
if (set)
bit_set(window_buffer[locn],(y & 7)); //set the bit (to 1)
else
bit_clear(window_buffer[locn],(y & 7)); //set the bit (to 0)
}
//efficient line routine
void line(unsigned int8 x1, unsigned int8 y1, unsigned int8 x2, unsigned int8 y2)
{
unsigned int16 i;
int1 _plot;
signed int16 _dx,_dy;
unsigned int16 _ix,_iy,_inc,_plotx,_ploty,_x,_y;
//line from X1,Y1 to X2,Y2
//first the differences between the coordinate pairs
_dx=(signed int16) x2-x1;
_dy=(signed int16) y2-y1;
// ix & iy are the absolute increments required
_ix=(_dx<0)?(-_dx):_dx;
_iy=(_dy<0)?(-_dy):_dy;
// we must step the longest length (x or y)
_inc=(_ix>_iy)?_ix:_iy;
// make dx and dy the step required.
if (_dx>0) _dx=1; else if (_dx<0) _dx=-1;
if (_dy>0) _dy=1; else if (_dy<0) _dy=-1;
// actual plotting points
_plotx=x1;
_ploty=y1;
// start at 0
_x=0;
_y=0;
// set endpoint
set_pixel(_plotx,_ploty);
/* we implement Bressenhams algorithm for a line using integer steps
and only plotting the point when we get to a new co-ord pair */
for (i=0;i<=_inc;++i)
{
_x += _ix;
_y += _iy;
// do not plot yet
_plot=FALSE;
//if we are at a new pair - set the plot flag and increment
//the phsical plotting point
if (_x > _inc)
{
_plot = TRUE;
_x -= _inc;
_plotx += _dx;
}
if (_y > _inc)
{
_plot = TRUE;
_y -= _inc;
_ploty += _dy;
}
// now plot the point
if (_plot)
{
set_pixel(_plotx,_ploty); //this automatically handles set/reset
}
}
}
void rect(unsigned int8 x1, unsigned int8 y1, unsigned int8 x2, unsigned int8 y2)
{
//outline a rectangle
line(x1, y1, x2, y1); //Just draw four sides
line(x1, y2, x2, y2);
line(x1, y1, x1, y2);
line(x2, y1, x2, y2);
}
void circle(unsigned int8 x, unsigned int8 y, unsigned int8 radius, int1 fill)
{
signed int8 a, b, P;
a = 0;
b = radius;
P = 1 - radius;
do
{
if(fill)
{
line(x-a, y+b, x+a, y+b);
line(x-a, y-b, x+a, y-b);
line(x-b, y+a, x+b, y+a);
line(x-b, y-a, x+b, y-a); //inefficient but easy to code....
}
else
{
set_pixel(a+x, b+y);
set_pixel(b+x, a+y);
set_pixel(x-a, b+y);
set_pixel(x-b, a+y);
set_pixel(b+x, y-a);
set_pixel(a+x, y-b);
set_pixel(x-a, y-b);
set_pixel(x-b, y-a); //othewise draw the octant points
}
if(P < 0)
P += 3 + 2 * a++;
else
P += 5 + 2 * (a++ - b--);
} while(a <= b);
}
void draw_window(unsigned int8 x, unsigned int8 y)
{
unsigned int8 yctr;
unsigned int16 transfer=WINDOW_WIDTH;
//routine to copy the window to the display.
//x is in pixels, y in bytes (0 to 8). Uses burst transmission for each line
if ((x+transfer)>=S_LCDWIDTH)
{
//here the window would go off the edge of the screen...
transfer=(S_LCDWIDTH-1)-x;
}
for (yctr=0;yctr<(WINDOW_HEIGHT/8);yctr++)
{
if (y+yctr>7) return; //off the end of RAM
OLED_address(x,y+yctr); //position to the byte at the start of the line
//transfer the line
OLED_data(window_buffer+((unsigned int16)yctr*WINDOW_WIDTH),transfer);
//again int16 only needed here if buffer>256 bytes
}
}
#endif
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Ttelmah
Joined: 11 Mar 2010
Posts: 19539
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| Posted: Wed Mar 13, 2019 1:47 pm |
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Well done.
As a comment you can jumper those modules to I2C (done it on several).
You normally have to enable the pull-up where it shows, but you have to then remove one other resistor, and also one link to change one line. Key is to sit
down with the data sheet and bus where all the wires are going. Probably
more work than using SPI!... |
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cvargcal
Joined: 17 Feb 2015
Posts: 134
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| Posted: Sat Apr 06, 2019 1:55 pm |
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Hi, I want make menu with icon, for example this level battery:
| Code: |
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// LEVEL BAT
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
static uint8_t bat_0 [32] = {
0xE0, 0xF0, 0xF8, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0xF0, 0xE0, 0x80,
0x07, 0x0F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x0F, 0x07, 0x01
};
static uint8_t bat_1 [32] = {
0xE0, 0xF0, 0xF8, 0x38, 0xF8, 0xF8, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0xF0, 0xE0, 0x80,
0x07, 0x0F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x0F, 0x07, 0x01
};
static uint8_t bat_2 [32] = {
0xE0, 0xF0, 0xF8, 0x38, 0xF8, 0xF8, 0x38, 0xF8, 0xF8, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0xF0, 0xE0, 0x80,
0x07, 0x0F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x0F, 0x07, 0x01
};
static uint8_t bat_3 [32] = {
0xE0, 0xF0, 0xF8, 0x38, 0xF8, 0xF8, 0x38, 0xF8, 0xF8, 0x38, 0xF8, 0xF8, 0x38, 0xF0, 0xE0, 0x80,
0x07, 0x0F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x0F, 0x07, 0x01
};
static uint8_t bat_4 [32] = {
0xE0, 0xF0, 0xF8, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0x38, 0xB8, 0xB8, 0x38, 0x38, 0xF0, 0xE0, 0x80,
0x07, 0x0F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1F, 0x1F, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1D, 0x1C, 0x0F, 0x07, 0x01
}; |
Can you make a function for draw icon on x,y coords, please? |
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Ttelmah
Joined: 11 Mar 2010
Posts: 19539
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| Posted: Thu Apr 18, 2019 1:32 pm |
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That would use an absolutely enormous amount of time and code.
Use characters instead, and draw them at character position, not
graphic positions.
How to generate characters and do this is shown by the bar graph stuff. |
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kda406
Joined: 17 Sep 2003
Posts: 97
Location: Atlanta, GA, USA
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| Posted: Mon Mar 02, 2020 2:48 pm |
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#case
is very important to me, because my own code is portable and gets reused outside of CCS for our many other projects.
==> Beware that this code won't compile as-is if you use #case. <==
Lines like this:
| Code: | | void FONT_line(ROM byte * font_data, unsigned int8 count) |
must be rewritten to be more universally formatted like this:
| Code: | | void FONT_line(rom BYTE * font_data, unsigned int8 count) |
(rom must be lower case, and byte must be upper case for example)
Despite the necessary tweaking, I very much appreciate this code being posted here! You saved us all a great many programming and debugging hours by posting this. Thank you! |
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berel
Joined: 20 Oct 2011
Posts: 15
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| Posted: Tue Jun 23, 2020 4:59 am |
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Hello,
I am currently programming a PIC18F45K50 with PCH 5.093 for a 128x32 I2C OLED with integrated level shifters (Adafruit #4440) using Ttelmah's code (BIG thanks from me too).
Since SPI devices are also design, software I2C is used (RD1, RD2, each with 2k2 pull ups to 5V).
There are two other I2C devices: 24LC16BT and MCP9800
| Code: |
#device ICD=2 // ICD using the second port for debugging
#fuses NOWDT,NOLVP,NODEBUG,NOCPUDIV,XINST,PROTECT // ICSP2 enables dedicated programming/debug pins
#use delay(int=8MHz, clock=48MHz, USB_FULL, act=USB) // crystal less mode with act
#use i2c(master, sda=Device_SDA, scl=Device_SCL, FAST=400000, FORCE_SW) |
I saw and used the sample main code, but got error messages unless '#define PSV' was set.
Frankly speaking I haven't seen PSV before? Is it mainly used for Pic24 / 32 devices?
| Code: | #define S_LCDWIDTH 128
#define S_LCDHEIGHT 32 |
were set in the main code, but no output.
I saw that for the 128x32 two changes have to be made in the init_sequence;
| Code: | S_SETMULTIPLEX, 0x1f, // text is shown bright, 0x3f works sometimes too (lower brightness)
S_SETCOMPINS, 0x02, // no more a distorted display |
Not sure if the settings are specific for the 128x32 resolution and/or the Adafruit Oled.
Additionally the array declarations were modified, else no data was sent (?)
| Code: | //ROM BYTE font[] =
byte font[] =
//ROM BYTE init_sequence[] = S_DISPLAYOFF,
byte init_sequence[] = S_DISPLAYOFF, |
I guess 'ROM BYTE' is used for the PIC24/32.
| Code: | | #define SSDADDR 0x78 |
was right for the display, always a bit confusing that the 'half address' 0x3C is often specified.
Text and graphics are displayed now.
There is one hardware issue:
There is only an output if a pin of a logic analyzer or scope is connected to SCL.
I measured a rise and fall time of 500 ns for SCL.
After removing the 2k2 pull ups it works. The Adafruit has 10k pull ups on the board.
The two other I2C have not been tested.
With the TEXT_ONLY define, the program with one NORMAL size and one LARGE size 'Hello' using 'OLED_text(text,strlen(text))' needs 747 bytes Data (36%) and 2992 bytes Program
Is there anything which can be done to avoid the static font array in Data which has the amount of memory?
ROM BYTE is not possible for a 18F45K50?
Thanks for any comments ! |
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Ttelmah
Joined: 11 Mar 2010
Posts: 19539
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| Posted: Wed Jun 24, 2020 2:10 am |
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OK.
Yes, PSV is specifically for the PCD chips. It does say above that post:
"alternative way of running for PCD".
My original source code is for a PIC18, and runs on these.
No, you want ROM. Read the manual!... ROM is an alternative way of
declaring 'const' values, that allow pointers to be constructed. If you
try to work without this, you will be using all your RAM for things like
the font tables....
'ROM byte' is perfectly legal for the PIC 18 chip. |
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berel
Joined: 20 Oct 2011
Posts: 15
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| Posted: Wed Jun 24, 2020 2:42 am |
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Without '#define PSV' PCH compile errors are shown, starting from the Font_line function declaration.
-> this is caused by a typo in the code
void FONT_line(ROM byte * font_data, unsigned nt8 count)
With int8 in the second parameter AND not defining PSV,
the sample program works with very little RAM
It was reported before, but I did not check it in the code in the beginning
Yes, PrinceNai reported this, but since it had been corrected in all the
subsequent posts I hadn't bothered to correct it. Have done so now,
Just worth explaining.
On the PIC16/18, the only way to have ROM based storage, that can be
accessed with pointers is the 'ROM' declaration. So this is used.
However on the DsPIC's (24/30/33), you can instead map part of the
ROM into a 'virtual' page in the RAM, and use this as if the ROM data
is in the RAM. This is Program Space Visibility (PSV). So it is tidier (and
a little quicker) to use this on these chips.
The original code was actually 'cut and pasted' from running PIC18 sources
however when I added the amendments to add support for PSV, I must
have deleted one 'i'....  |
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